Hooks are functions that allow you to "hook into" React state and lifecycle features from functional components. They provide a more elegant way to manage state and lifecycle effects in functional components compared to class components.

There are several types of hooks, each serving a specific purpose:

1. useState: This hook allows you to add state to functional components. It returns a state variable and a function to update that variable.

2. useEffect: This hook enables you to perform side effects in functional components, such as data fetching, subscriptions, or manually changing the DOM.

3. useContext: Used to access the context of a parent component.

4. useReducer: An alternative to useState, it is used for managing more complex state logic using a reducer function.

5. useCallback: Helps in memoizing functions to prevent unnecessary re-renders in child components.

6. useMemo: Similar to useCallback, but it memoizes values rather than functions.

7. useRef: Used to access the DOM or persist values across renders without causing re-renders.

8. useLayoutEffect: Similar to useEffect, but runs synchronously after all DOM mutations.

9. useImperativeHandle: Customizes the instance value that's exposed when using ref with forwardRef.

10. useDebugValue: Displays a custom label in React DevTools for custom hooks.

Here's an example of using the useState and useEffect hooks in a React functional component:

import React, { useState, useEffect } from 'react';

function Counter() {
  const [count, setCount] = useState(0);

  useEffect(() => {
    document.title = `Count: ${count}`;
  }, [count]);

  return (
    <div>
      <p>Count: {count}</p>
      <button onClick={() => setCount(count + 1)}>Increment</button>
    </div>
  );
}

export default Counter;

In this example:

• The useState hook is used to create a count state variable and its corresponding setter function setCount.

• The useEffect hook is used to update the document title whenever the count value changes. It accepts a dependency array [count], which means the effect will only run when count changes.

• The component renders the current count and a button to increment it.

This example showcases the usage of useState and useEffect hooks to manage state and side effects in a functional component. Similar patterns can be applied with other hooks to address various aspects of component behavior.